CMSIS-DSP  Version 1.7.0
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Convolution
Filtering Functions

Functions

void arm_conv_f32 (const float32_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const float32_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, float32_t *pDst)
 Convolution of floating-point sequences. More...
 
void arm_conv_fast_opt_q15 (const q15_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q15_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q15_t *pDst, q15_t *pScratch1, q15_t *pScratch2)
 Convolution of Q15 sequences (fast version). More...
 
void arm_conv_fast_q15 (const q15_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q15_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q15_t *pDst)
 Convolution of Q15 sequences (fast version). More...
 
void arm_conv_fast_q31 (const q31_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q31_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q31_t *pDst)
 Convolution of Q31 sequences (fast version). More...
 
void arm_conv_opt_q15 (const q15_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q15_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q15_t *pDst, q15_t *pScratch1, q15_t *pScratch2)
 Convolution of Q15 sequences. More...
 
void arm_conv_opt_q7 (const q7_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q7_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q7_t *pDst, q15_t *pScratch1, q15_t *pScratch2)
 Convolution of Q7 sequences. More...
 
void arm_conv_q15 (const q15_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q15_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q15_t *pDst)
 Convolution of Q15 sequences. More...
 
void arm_conv_q31 (const q31_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q31_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q31_t *pDst)
 Convolution of Q31 sequences. More...
 
void arm_conv_q7 (const q7_t *pSrcA, uint32_t srcALen, const q7_t *pSrcB, uint32_t srcBLen, q7_t *pDst)
 Convolution of Q7 sequences. More...
 

Description

Convolution is a mathematical operation that operates on two finite length vectors to generate a finite length output vector. Convolution is similar to correlation and is frequently used in filtering and data analysis. The CMSIS DSP library contains functions for convolving Q7, Q15, Q31, and floating-point data types. The library also provides fast versions of the Q15 and Q31 functions.

Algorithm
Let a[n] and b[n] be sequences of length srcALen and srcBLen samples respectively. Then the convolution 
    c[n] = a[n] * b[n]
is defined as
ConvolutionEquation.gif
Note that c[n] is of length srcALen + srcBLen - 1 and is defined over the interval n=0, 1, 2, ..., srcALen + srcBLen - 2. pSrcA points to the first input vector of length srcALen and pSrcB points to the second input vector of length srcBLen. The output result is written to pDst and the calling function must allocate srcALen+srcBLen-1 words for the result.
Conceptually, when two signals a[n] and b[n] are convolved, the signal b[n] slides over a[n]. For each offset n, the overlapping portions of a[n] and b[n] are multiplied and summed together.
Note that convolution is a commutative operation: 
    a[n] * b[n] = b[n] * a[n].
This means that switching the A and B arguments to the convolution functions has no effect.
Fixed-Point Behavior
Convolution requires summing up a large number of intermediate products. As such, the Q7, Q15, and Q31 functions run a risk of overflow and saturation. Refer to the function specific documentation below for further details of the particular algorithm used.
Fast Versions
Fast versions are supported for Q31 and Q15. Cycles for Fast versions are less compared to Q31 and Q15 of conv and the design requires the input signals should be scaled down to avoid intermediate overflows.
Opt Versions
Opt versions are supported for Q15 and Q7. Design uses internal scratch buffer for getting good optimisation. These versions are optimised in cycles and consumes more memory (Scratch memory) compared to Q15 and Q7 versions

Function Documentation

void arm_conv_f32 ( const float32_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const float32_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
float32_t *  pDst 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
Returns
none
void arm_conv_fast_opt_q15 ( const q15_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q15_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q15_t *  pDst,
q15_t *  pScratch1,
q15_t *  pScratch2 
)

Convolution of Q15 sequences (fast version) for Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4.

Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1
[in]pScratch1points to scratch buffer of size max(srcALen, srcBLen) + 2*min(srcALen, srcBLen) - 2
[in]pScratch2points to scratch buffer of size min(srcALen, srcBLen
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
This fast version uses a 32-bit accumulator with 2.30 format. The accumulator maintains full precision of the intermediate multiplication results but provides only a single guard bit. There is no saturation on intermediate additions. Thus, if the accumulator overflows it wraps around and distorts the result. The input signals should be scaled down to avoid intermediate overflows. Scale down the inputs by log2(min(srcALen, srcBLen)) (log2 is read as log to the base 2) times to avoid overflows, as maximum of min(srcALen, srcBLen) number of additions are carried internally. The 2.30 accumulator is right shifted by 15 bits and then saturated to 1.15 format to yield the final result.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_q15() for a slower implementation of this function which uses 64-bit accumulation to avoid wrap around distortion.
void arm_conv_fast_q15 ( const q15_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q15_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q15_t *  pDst 
)

Convolution of Q15 sequences (fast version) for Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4.

Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
This fast version uses a 32-bit accumulator with 2.30 format. The accumulator maintains full precision of the intermediate multiplication results but provides only a single guard bit. There is no saturation on intermediate additions. Thus, if the accumulator overflows it wraps around and distorts the result. The input signals should be scaled down to avoid intermediate overflows. Scale down the inputs by log2(min(srcALen, srcBLen)) (log2 is read as log to the base 2) times to avoid overflows, as maximum of min(srcALen, srcBLen) number of additions are carried internally. The 2.30 accumulator is right shifted by 15 bits and then saturated to 1.15 format to yield the final result.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_q15() for a slower implementation of this function which uses 64-bit accumulation to avoid wrap around distortion.
void arm_conv_fast_q31 ( const q31_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q31_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q31_t *  pDst 
)

Convolution of Q31 sequences (fast version) for Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4.

Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence.
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence.
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence.
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence.
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
This function is optimized for speed at the expense of fixed-point precision and overflow protection. The result of each 1.31 x 1.31 multiplication is truncated to 2.30 format. These intermediate results are accumulated in a 32-bit register in 2.30 format. Finally, the accumulator is saturated and converted to a 1.31 result.
The fast version has the same overflow behavior as the standard version but provides less precision since it discards the low 32 bits of each multiplication result. In order to avoid overflows completely the input signals must be scaled down. Scale down the inputs by log2(min(srcALen, srcBLen)) (log2 is read as log to the base 2) times to avoid overflows, as maximum of min(srcALen, srcBLen) number of additions are carried internally.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_q31() for a slower implementation of this function which uses 64-bit accumulation to provide higher precision.
void arm_conv_opt_q15 ( const q15_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q15_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q15_t *  pDst,
q15_t *  pScratch1,
q15_t *  pScratch2 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
[in]pScratch1points to scratch buffer of size max(srcALen, srcBLen) + 2*min(srcALen, srcBLen) - 2.
[in]pScratch2points to scratch buffer of size min(srcALen, srcBLen).
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
The function is implemented using a 64-bit internal accumulator. Both inputs are in 1.15 format and multiplications yield a 2.30 result. The 2.30 intermediate results are accumulated in a 64-bit accumulator in 34.30 format. This approach provides 33 guard bits and there is no risk of overflow. The 34.30 result is then truncated to 34.15 format by discarding the low 15 bits and then saturated to 1.15 format.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_fast_q15() for a faster but less precise version of this function.
void arm_conv_opt_q7 ( const q7_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q7_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q7_t *  pDst,
q15_t *  pScratch1,
q15_t *  pScratch2 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
[in]pScratch1points to scratch buffer(of type q15_t) of size max(srcALen, srcBLen) + 2*min(srcALen, srcBLen) - 2.
[in]pScratch2points to scratch buffer (of type q15_t) of size min(srcALen, srcBLen).
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
The function is implemented using a 32-bit internal accumulator. Both the inputs are represented in 1.7 format and multiplications yield a 2.14 result. The 2.14 intermediate results are accumulated in a 32-bit accumulator in 18.14 format. This approach provides 17 guard bits and there is no risk of overflow as long as max(srcALen, srcBLen)<131072. The 18.14 result is then truncated to 18.7 format by discarding the low 7 bits and then saturated to 1.7 format.
void arm_conv_q15 ( const q15_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q15_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q15_t *  pDst 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
The function is implemented using a 64-bit internal accumulator. Both inputs are in 1.15 format and multiplications yield a 2.30 result. The 2.30 intermediate results are accumulated in a 64-bit accumulator in 34.30 format. This approach provides 33 guard bits and there is no risk of overflow. The 34.30 result is then truncated to 34.15 format by discarding the low 15 bits and then saturated to 1.15 format.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_fast_q15() for a faster but less precise version of this function.
Refer to arm_conv_opt_q15() for a faster implementation of this function using scratch buffers.
void arm_conv_q31 ( const q31_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q31_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q31_t *  pDst 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
The function is implemented using an internal 64-bit accumulator. The accumulator has a 2.62 format and maintains full precision of the intermediate multiplication results but provides only a single guard bit. There is no saturation on intermediate additions. Thus, if the accumulator overflows it wraps around and distorts the result. The input signals should be scaled down to avoid intermediate overflows. Scale down the inputs by log2(min(srcALen, srcBLen)) (log2 is read as log to the base 2) times to avoid overflows, as maximum of min(srcALen, srcBLen) number of additions are carried internally. The 2.62 accumulator is right shifted by 31 bits and saturated to 1.31 format to yield the final result.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_fast_q31() for a faster but less precise implementation of this function.
void arm_conv_q7 ( const q7_t *  pSrcA,
uint32_t  srcALen,
const q7_t *  pSrcB,
uint32_t  srcBLen,
q7_t *  pDst 
)
Parameters
[in]pSrcApoints to the first input sequence
[in]srcALenlength of the first input sequence
[in]pSrcBpoints to the second input sequence
[in]srcBLenlength of the second input sequence
[out]pDstpoints to the location where the output result is written. Length srcALen+srcBLen-1.
Returns
none
Scaling and Overflow Behavior
The function is implemented using a 32-bit internal accumulator. Both the inputs are represented in 1.7 format and multiplications yield a 2.14 result. The 2.14 intermediate results are accumulated in a 32-bit accumulator in 18.14 format. This approach provides 17 guard bits and there is no risk of overflow as long as max(srcALen, srcBLen)<131072. The 18.14 result is then truncated to 18.7 format by discarding the low 7 bits and then saturated to 1.7 format.
Remarks
Refer to arm_conv_opt_q7() for a faster implementation of this function.